Besides that, a meta-analysis revealed that PBECs from children with atopic asthma produced significantly lower levels of IFN-β [Effect size (ES): -0.84, <i>p</i> = 0.030] and IFN-λ (ES: -1.00, <i>p</i> = 0.002), and PBECs from adult atopic asthmatics produced significantly lower levels of IFN-β (ES: -0.68, <i>p</i> = 0.009), compared to healthy subjects after RV infection. Here, IFNB1 is linked to atopic asthma.