In striking contrast to our findings in CMP-pattern MDS, genes involved in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway were significantly upregulated in the LMPPs from GMP-pattern MDS patients with BP as compared with LMPPs from GMP-pattern MDS patients with newly diagnosed disease (Fig. 2g and Supplementary Table 6). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.