IL32 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, verapamil downregulated the expression of interleukin 32 (IL32) (Fig. 4a–d), a unique proinflammatory cytokine found only in primates that is induced by oxidative stress30 and has recently been suggested to be upregulated in pancreatic islets and play a role in T1D autoimmunity31,32.