CXCR5 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In contrast, expression of CXCR5 (aka CD185), a surface marker of proinflammatory T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and the Tfh signature cytokine, interleukin 21 (IL21) were significantly elevated in PBMCs of subjects with T1D as compared to healthy controls and these changes were reversed by verapamil treatment (Fig. 3d, e).