STAT4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: General markers of CD4 T-helper (Th) cells and of proinflammatory Th1 cells such as C-X-C chemokine receptor type 3 (CXCR3, aka CD183) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4), were not significantly altered in subjects with T1D as compared to healthy controls and were not affected by verapamil treatment (Fig. 3a–c).