Analyses conducted on the apoptosis and necrosis groups were depicted in Fig. 5A and 5C. In the CDI group, the expression level of CCL2, LIF, FAS, IL1B, CXCL10, CCL20, TNFSF13, IL6, IL1R2, IL10RA, and IL13RA1, among others, were higher in high CDI patients whereas the BMP2 expression level was higher in the low CDI patients (Fig. 5D). This evidence concerns the gene IL13RA1 and clostridium difficile infection.