Analyses conducted on the apoptosis and necrosis groups were depicted in Fig. 5A and 5C. In the CDI group, the expression level of CCL2, LIF, FAS, IL1B, CXCL10, CCL20, TNFSF13, IL6, IL1R2, IL10RA, and IL13RA1, among others, were higher in high CDI patients whereas the BMP2 expression level was higher in the low CDI patients (Fig. 5D). Here, CCL2 is linked to clostridium difficile infection.