The results of the current study are in agreement with a previous study that revealed that oral roflumilast (1 or 5 mg·kg-1·day-1) dose-dependently improved the disease clinical score (weight loss, stool consistency, and hemorrhage), colonic length, and colonic TNF-α production in mice with dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis (13). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and hemorrhage.