Furthermore, it has been previously reported that lipidated analogues of Nle17 VIP exhibited equipotent functional activity at the VPAC1/VPAC2 receptors and robust in vitro and in vivo efficacy in models of neuroprotection and male impotence (Gozes and Fridkin, 1993; Gozes et al., 1994; Gozes et al., 1995; Gourlet et al., 1998). Here, VIPR1 is linked to erectile dysfunction.