In addition, by mimicking the particular microenvironment in which RA-FLSs are situated inflaming and hypoxic circumstances due to long-term and severe synovitis (Fearon et al., 2016), we observed that a larger proportion of RA-FLSs undergo lytic cell death along with activated GSDME-NT expression and typical morphological features, strengthening the occurrence of GSDME-mediated RA FLSs pyroptosis in inflammatory and hypoxic microenvironments. Here, GSDME is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.