Interestingly, 3D EVs did not show any improvement in most of the aspects of lung fibrosis, demonstrated by a significant increase in bodyweight loss throughout D7-D28, increased in collagen deposition and α-SMA + cells (myofibroblast differentiation), as well as an increased presence of leukocyte infiltrations in lung parenchyma. Here, ACTA1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.