For example, mice with KO of Atg7, an essential autophagy gene in pancreatic β-cells producing insulin, showed structural and functional defects of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in glucose intolerance and susceptibility to diabetes in the presence of metabolic stress (Ebato et al., 2008; Jung et al., 2008; Quan et al., 2012a) (Figure 1). Here, INS is linked to Glucose intolerance.