VEGFA and stroke disorder: In addition, EDA also could inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, aquaporin-4 expression, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and ROS-induced inflammatory reactions in stroke mice and patients (Kikuchi et al., 2013).