MAPK3 and endothelial dysfunction: Linoleic acid associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases significantly activates pro-inflammatory signaling in ECs, such as PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2, thus causing vessel inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and death (Hennig et al., 2006; Bin et al., 2013; Satoh, 2013; Marchix et al., 2015).