TGFB1 and neoplasm: TAMs exhibit either an immunosuppressive M2-like phenotype, increasing production of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β, or an anti-tumor M1-like phenotype, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α (Poh & Ernst, 2018; Chen et al., 2019; Pathria et al., 2019).