On the other hand, hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial fragmentation can be reversed by stimulating the antioxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD), suggesting a causal relationship between ROS and mitochondrial dysfunction, and controlling mtROS levels may be a strategy for treating DCM (Schilling 2015; Westermeier et al. 2015). Here, SOD1 is linked to familial dilated cardiomyopathy.