Moreover, consistent with the in vitro data (Fig. 6D), western blot analysis revealed that the effects of ESCCAL-1 overexpression on cell cycle regulators (CDK4, CCND1, and CDKN1A) were partially abolished by knockdown of Gal-1 in ESCC tumor tissues (Supplementary Fig. 7). Here, CDK4 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.