Consistent with this notion, we plotted expression of microglial genes associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD),36Apoe, Spp1, and Apoc1, in microglial cells before injury (Clusters 1, and 4) and 38 days after injury (clusters 2, 7, 8), and results indicated that after SCI microglial cells expressed higher levels of AD-associated genes and thus appeared to be in a more adverse/diseased state (Fig. 5h). This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and Alzheimer disease.