Peri-operative supplementation with probiotics or synbiotics could modulate local and systemic immune homeostasis, reduce inflammatory responses, and reduce concentrations of pro-inflammatory factors, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and nitric oxide which could aggravate postoperative ileus by ameliorating operationally induced intestinal flora dysregulation [42–46]. Here, IL6 is linked to ileus.