The preponderance of data indicates that the primary roles of CARD9 and Dectin-1 (and other CARD9-signaling C-type lectin receptors) are in antifungal immunity, which is consistent with the idea that increased risk of IBD associated with genetic variations in the genes for these proteins is due to alterations in antifungal immunity; however, it is important to note that other potential roles for these genes have been described, largely in mouse studies (28). The gene discussed is CARD9; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.