Because plasma-induced signatures of T1D family members are consistent with PRR ligation33, and the plasma collected after probiotic supplement exhibited signatures consistent with reduced lipopolysaccharide exposure, we indirectly examined lipopolysaccharide levels of pre- and post-supplement plasma with reporter cells that express TLR4 and an NF-κB-inducible secreted alkaline phosphatase36. Here, TLR4 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.