Finally, independent of high-risk HLA (human leukocyte antigen) haplotypes or autoantibody status, peripheral blood mononuclear cells of T1D patients and their healthy first-degree relatives hyper-secrete cytokines (IL-1α, IFN-1, TNF-α) after stimulation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, including endotoxin and CpG oligodeoxynucleotides9–11. The gene discussed is IL1A; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.