TNF and COVID-19: Regarding the SARS-CoV-2 inactivation mechanism, it is known that inflammatory cells like neutrophils and macrophages actively participate in the pathological response, with cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TGF-β playing a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19.