One month following the second vaccine dose, the median ACE2 displacement activity in COVID-19 naive PLWH and controls rose to >95% in both groups and there was no longer a statistically significant difference between them (median 97.8% [IQR 89.3–99.6%] in PLWH versus 95.7% [85.7–99.5%] in controls, Mann–Whitney p = 0.3) (Fig. 2b). Here, ACE2 is linked to COVID-19.