ACE2 and HIV infectious disease: Though HIV infection was associated with marginally (0.2 log10) lower overall anti-RBD antibody concentrations and ~11% lower ACE2 displacement activities following a single vaccine dose after adjustment for sociodemographic, health, and vaccine-related variables, we observed no statistically significant effect of HIV infection on any humoral response at either 1 or 3 months after the second vaccine dose after multivariable adjustment (though at the 3-month time point there was a trend towards lower anti-RBD antibody concentrations in PLWH compared to controls; Table 2).