ACE2 and COVID-19: By 3 months following the second vaccine dose, ACE2 displacement activity in COVID-19 naive PLWH and controls had declined to medians of 80% [IQR 53–96%] versus 67% [IQR 52–87%] respectively (Mann–Whitney p = 0.05), while the activity in convalescent participants had declined to a median of 92% [IQR 75–98%] (Fig. 2c, d).