Unlike tumor size, tumor number, and serum tumor markers (AFP, DCP, and CA19-9), which are readily available and quantifiable, the definitions of MiVI, MaVI, and SN are various or unmentioned in the researches of cHCC, and most researchers tend to define MiVI, MaVI, and SN in cHCC following the definitions in HCC. Here, ACE is linked to neoplasm.