GLI1 and cancer: In fact, an upregulation of GLI1 expression levels, upon autophagy induction, was observed in endocervical adenocarcinoma HeLa, lung adenocarcinoma A549, and osteosarcoma U2OS cancer cells, as early as 30 minutes post treatment with Torin1 (MTOR-dependent inducer of autophagy) (Figure 1A-C), or nutrient starvation (Fig. S1A-C).