GADD45A and glioblastoma: Shc3 and kras are likewise downregulated in primary cultures and patient samples of GBM, while shc1, gadd45a and tgfbr2 are strongly upregulated (Magrassi et al., 2005; Lymbouridou et al., 2009; Guo et al., 2018; Hirakata et al., 2021).