More recently, micellar, liposomal, and chitosan NPs have been used to deliver insulin intranasally into the brain for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (reviewed in Tashima et al., 2020), paving the road for the possibility of using insulin as a backbone conjugate linker to carry other small molecules intranasally into the CNS space to treat other CNS disorders (Tashima, 2020). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.