TGFB1 and gallbladder cancer: The expression and potential roles of thrombospondins (TSP-4) in the crosstalk between CAFs and gallbladder cancer (GBC) cells has remained unclear. Research showed that a complex TSP-4/integrin α2/HSF1/TGF-β cascade mediates reciprocal interactions between GBC cells and CAFs, providing a promising therapeutic target for gallbladder cancer patients (72).