Expectedly, the Ki-67 expression on cTfh cells was significantly increased upon HIV-1 infection (AHI vs HC: 11.85 ± 5.18 vs 7.79 ± 2.15, p=0.01; CHI vs HC: 14.23 ± 6.82 vs 7.79 ± 2.15, p<0.0001, Supplementary Figure 2A). Here, MKI67 is linked to HIV-1 infection.