Indeed, enhanced levels of CCR1 and/or CCR5 were shown to be present on monocytes from hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, even though HUS or COPD monocytes did not respond as well as monocytes from healthy individuals in functional assays (21, 22). This evidence concerns the gene CCR5 and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.