Furthermore, infection with the CSPwt parasite, but not the CSPmut parasite, significantly elevated the mRNA level of NEDD4 in HepG2 cells (Figure 5D), strongly suggesting that the translocation of CSP from the PV into the cytoplasm could upregulate the expression of E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4. The gene discussed is DNAJC5; the disease is infection.