TGFB1 and inflammatory bowel disease: Neutrophils have differential roles in IBD (50); whereas macrophages become polarized towards an “M1-like” state which uncontrollably release inflammatory cytokines, promote intestinal barrier damage, enhance Th1 and Th17 T-cell responses (51) and cannot be counteracted by anti-inflammatory “M2-like” macrophages expressing and responding to IL10 and TGFβ or primed by regulatory T-cell subsets (52).