PAK1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: While our studies of human PAK1 protein levels here show decreased PAK1 in T2D vs nondiabetic control muscle tissue, using muscles from quadriceps or ‘leg’ (information from NDRI, possibly of mixed muscle fiber types (14)), another group examined PAK1 protein levels in vastus lateralis (VL) muscle in human biopsy samples (13), where they observed a 27% increase in PAK1 levels in T2D compared with that of lean or obese controls.