TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Ciaramella et al. investigated the anti-tumor effects of pioglitazone in NSCLC cell lines and found that pioglitazone reduced proliferative and invasive abilities and induced apoptosis of NSCLC cells by inhibiting MAPK/AKT cascade as well as on the TGFβ/SMADs system (164).