NEFL and Alzheimer disease: Moreover, we investigated whether the effects are independent of a general measure of neuroaxonal damage and neurodegeneration as derived from plasma neurofilament light chain (NfL; Gisslén et al., 2016), a biomarker that has been associated with cognitive decline amongst elderly adults in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Hu et al., 2019) and potentially in healthy middle-aged adults (Beydoun et al., 2021).