TNF and Chronic colitis: In fact, administration of an anti-IL-17 antibody to mice with chronic colitis, which was induced by repeated intra-rectal administration of TNBS, decreases the expression of fibrosis-related cytokines, such as collagen 3, TNF-α, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP-1), and MMP-2, as well as inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1β, TGF-β1, and TNF-α, ultimately resulting in a suppressed fibrosis (Zhang et al., 2018; Li et al., 2020).