VCAM1 and ischemic cardiomyopathy: Basic experimental and clinical data have indicated that higher levels of VCAM-1 in serum or tissue are associated with coronary artery disease, ischemic cardiomyopathy, acute myocarditis, and atrial fibrillation (AF); thus, VCAM-1 represents a potential biomarker for CVDs (Troncoso et al., 2021).