VCAM1 and Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: Furthermore, Ang II infusion significantly increases VCAM-1 expression in the aortas of mice and in patients with persistent and paroxysmal AF, whereas the VCAM-1 level decreases after administration of the histone deacetylase selective inhibitor PCI34051 or the Ang II receptor antagonist olmesartan (De Ciuceis et al., 2005; Goette et al., 2008; Kee et al., 2019), suggesting a role for VCAM-1 in promoting AF development.