IDO1 and coronary artery disorder: In dialysis patients, oxidative stress is associated with reduced vitamin C (Mirna et al., 2020). Infusion of vitamin C and use of vitamin E coated dialyzers in HD patients attenuates oxidative stress by reducing IDO1 activity and NO formation, weakening inflammation and cellular senescence (Januzzi et al., 2015). Vitamin E supplementation may reduce the risk of coronary artery disease by making LDL less susceptible to oxidation (Gaggin and Januzzi, 2013)