TLR4 and Hepatic fibrosis: Its metabolites such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can conjugate with functional toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to activate reactive cells such as HSCs and Kupffer cells, and also enhance the activity of transforming growth factors thus leading to the development of liver fibrosis (Seki et al., 2007; Schnabl and Brenner, 2014).