These autoantibodies are specific serological markers of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and serve as important tools for clinicians to determine the clinical classification, prediction of the need of insulin treatment, to identify subjects at risk for developing T1D and as end-points in observational studies such as The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) [9], BABYDIAB [10] and TrialNet [11]. Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.