Consistent with these data, other studies reported the beneficial effects of caffeine on inhibiting microglial activation and reducing neuroinflammation, specifically in neurodegenerative diseases and transient ischemia models.67,68 Additionally, Di Martino et al.44 used a neonatal hypoxic–ischemic brain-injury model to show that a single dose of caffeine after injury increased MBP and expression of microtubule-associated protein 2 and significantly reduced the number of microglia, apoptotic cells, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The gene discussed is MAP2; the disease is neurodegenerative disease.