Post-mortem studies of ALS patients have shown phosphorylated 43-kDa TAR DNA-binding protein (pTDP-43) inclusions in subcortical areas and the medial temporal lobe, which are thought to reflect an end-stage of non-motor involvement in ALS (Anderson et al., 1995, Brettschneider et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.