BECN1 and cancer: These two inhibitors play a pivotal anti-cancer role in breast cancer cell lines, such as MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and BT474, not only by inducing the expression of autophagy modulator Tribbles pseudokinase 3 (TRIB3) and the transcription of various autophagy-related genes, such as ATG1, ATG7, and BECN1 to accelerate autophagy-dependent cancer cell death, but also by inhibiting the sumoylation of RAC1 (a member of Rho GTPase family), and thus suppress the activation RAC1 and repress the RAC1-mediated cell migration and invasion [154, 155].