Lactobacillus johnsonii was conducted to an immune-stimulatory effect by producing inosine which is a modulator of response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy and strongly enhanced the antitumor capacities of T cells in different tumour models including colorectal cancer, bladder cancer, and melanoma, by inducing Th1 differentiation through the inosine-A2AR-cAMP-PKA pathway [107]. This evidence concerns the gene ADORA2A and urinary bladder carcinoma.