INS and cancer: And the up-regulated DEGs in “HN vs. NN” were mainly enriched in the pathways in cancer, HIF-1 signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, and axon guidance pathway; the down-regulated DEGs in “HN vs. NN” were mainly enriched in Foxo signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, insulin signaling pathway, cellular senescence and apoptosis pathway (Fig. 7b).