In vitro:1. upregulation of Pgc1a, prdm16 [128]In vivo:1. reduce adipocyte size in rhesus monkeys fed a high-fat [123]Clinical trials:1. protection against obesity-related comorbid conditions [123]2. decreased the size of abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes [117]3. decrease in the production of IL-6 , IL-6/IL-10, and TNF-α in patients with high cardiovascular risk [124,125]4. reduce body weight and fat mass [118]5. improve insulin sensitivity [119]. Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.