CASP3 and Alzheimer disease: The potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of plasmalogens in respect to AD may be attributed to a plasmalogen-induced reduction in γ-secretase activity leading to decreased amyloid-β level [38] and/or reduced neuronal cell death, as plasmalogens have been reported to inhibit caspase-9 and caspase-3 cleavages in primary mouse hippocampal neuronal cells and to enhance phosphorylation of AKT and ERK signaling through the activation of orphan G-protein coupled receptor proteins [56].