MAPK1 and pancreatic neoplasm: In pancreatic cancer, the addition of chloroquine to gemcitabine, a standard chemotherapeutic in pancreatic tumors, eliminates CSCs and causes tumor regression via inhibition of CXCL12/CXCR4 signaling, suppressing the ERK, STAT, and sonic hedgehog pathways in CSCs without affecting autophagy, suggesting that lysosomes directly modulate signal transduction in CSCs [230].