CUR decreased interleukin-23 (IL-23) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) levels in the CNS in a model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury [75] and reduced the infarct size and the levels of IL-1, TNFα, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGE-2 in the cerebral ischemia model by activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) [76]. Here, TNF is linked to injury.