TNF and neuroblastoma: Indeed, besides being a V-ATPase inhibitor, diphyllin 1 and diphyllinosides have also been shown to target topoisomerase IIα [38], to induce apoptosis and protective autophagy through reactive oxygen species production [8], block voltage-gated K+ channels in mouse neuroblastoma cells [39], stimulate interferon-γ production [40], reduce nitric oxide levels [41], and modulate TNF-α, and IL-12 production in mouse macrophages [12].