VWF and acute lung injury: Plasma levels of interleukin 6, interleukin-8, surfactant protein D, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor I/II (sTNFrI/II), as well as endothelial damage markers such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and VWF, have been shown to be elevated in patients with acute lung injury, and their levels change rapidly in response to different ventilation strategies [35].