INS and diabetes mellitus: Studies in mice have reported beneficial effects of IF against diabetes and obesity with improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, maintenance of insulinemia within normal levels, and improvements in the phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB), rapamycin complex (mTOR), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathways, even in mice fed high-fat diets [256,335,336,337].