INS and Hyperglycemia: During meal ingestion, several mechanisms operate in concert (gastric emptying/intestinal glucose absorption, secretion/action of gastrointestinal hormones, changes in insulin/glucagon secretion/action, hyperglycemia mass action) to ensure optimal regulation of postprandial glucose fluctuations in the bloodstream via coordination by the central nervous system (CNS) (reviewed in detail in reference [31]): (a) After a meal, insulin plays a primary role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis through its effect on insulin-sensitive tissues (liver/skeletal muscle/adipose tissue) [32].