CASP3 and brain ischemia: The neuroprotective activity of syringic acid was also demonstrated in an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia established by subjecting hippocampal neurons to OGD/R [111], in which LDH leakage from cells, the expression of both Bax and caspase-3, as well as the intracellular levels of MDA, total ROS, and Ca(2+), were significantly reduced.