TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Further, findings highlighted the anti-inflammatory effects of SCFAs in attenuating systemic inflammation in obesity, characterised by reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 and downregulation of pro-inflammatory NF-κB- and MAPK-related genes, NFKB1, RELA and MAPK1 in obese immune cells.